Components

Radios

Open this stacked radios example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend govuk-fieldset__legend--l">
      <h1 class="govuk-fieldset__heading">
        Where do you live?
      </h1>
    </legend>
    <div class="govuk-radios">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="england">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live">
          England
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-2" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="scotland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-2">
          Scotland
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-3" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="wales">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-3">
          Wales
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-4" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="northern-ireland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-4">
          Northern Ireland
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}

{{ govukRadios({
  idPrefix: "where-do-you-live",
  name: "where-do-you-live",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "Where do you live?",
      isPageHeading: true,
      classes: "govuk-fieldset__legend--l"
    }
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "england",
      text: "England"
    },
    {
      value: "scotland",
      text: "Scotland"
    },
    {
      value: "wales",
      text: "Wales"
    },
    {
      value: "northern-ireland",
      text: "Northern Ireland"
    }
  ]
}) }}

When to use this component

Use the radios component when users can only select one option from a list.

When not to use this component

Do not use the radios component if users might need to select more than one option. In this case, you should use the checkboxes component instead.

How it works

Always position radios to the left of their labels. This makes them easier to find, especially for users of screen magnifiers.

Unlike with checkboxes, users can only select one option from a list of radios. Do not assume that users will know how many options they can select based on the visual difference between radios and checkboxes alone.

If needed, add a hint explaining this, for example, ‘Select one option’.

Do not pre-select radio options as this makes it more likely that users will:

  • not realise they’ve missed a question
  • submit the wrong answer

Users cannot go back to having no option selected once they have selected one, without refreshing their browser window. Therefore, you should include ‘None of the above’ or ‘I do not know’ if they are valid options.

Order radio options alphabetically by default.

In some cases, it can be helpful to order them from most-to-least common options. For example, you could order options for ‘Where do you live?’ based on population size.

However you should do this with extreme caution as it can reinforce bias in your service. If in doubt, order alphabetically.

Group radios together in a <fieldset> with a <legend> that describes them, as shown in the examples on this page. This is usually a question, like ‘Where do you live?’.

If you’re asking one question on the page

If you are asking just one question per page as recommended, you can set the contents of the <legend> as the page heading. This is good practice as it means that users of screen readers will only hear the contents once.

Read more about why and how to set legends as headings.

There are 2 ways to use the radios component. You can use HTML or, if you are using Nunjucks or the GOV.UK Prototype Kit, you can use the Nunjucks macro.

Open this stacked radios second example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend govuk-fieldset__legend--l">
      <h1 class="govuk-fieldset__heading">
        Where do you live?
      </h1>
    </legend>
    <div class="govuk-radios">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="england">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live">
          England
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-2" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="scotland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-2">
          Scotland
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-3" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="wales">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-3">
          Wales
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-4" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="northern-ireland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-4">
          Northern Ireland
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}

{{ govukRadios({
  idPrefix: "where-do-you-live",
  name: "where-do-you-live",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "Where do you live?",
      isPageHeading: true,
      classes: "govuk-fieldset__legend--l"
    }
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "england",
      text: "England"
    },
    {
      value: "scotland",
      text: "Scotland"
    },
    {
      value: "wales",
      text: "Wales"
    },
    {
      value: "northern-ireland",
      text: "Northern Ireland"
    }
  ]
}) }}

If you’re asking more than one question on the page

If you’re asking more than one question on the page, do not set the contents of the <legend> as the page heading. Read more about asking multiple questions on question pages.

Open this radios without a heading example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend">
      Where do you live?
    </legend>
    <div class="govuk-radios">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="england">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live">
          England
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-2" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="scotland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-2">
          Scotland
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-3" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="wales">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-3">
          Wales
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-4" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="northern-ireland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-4">
          Northern Ireland
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}

{{ govukRadios({
  idPrefix: "where-do-you-live",
  name: "where-do-you-live",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "Where do you live?"
    }
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "england",
      text: "England"
    },
    {
      value: "scotland",
      text: "Scotland"
    },
    {
      value: "wales",
      text: "Wales"
    },
    {
      value: "northern-ireland",
      text: "Northern Ireland"
    }
  ]
}) }}

Inline radios

In some cases, you can choose to display radios ‘inline’ beside one another (horizontally).

Only use inline radios when:

  • the question only has two options
  • both options are short

Remember that on small screens such as mobile devices, the radios will still be ‘stacked’ on top of one another (vertically).

Open this inline radios example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset" aria-describedby="changed-name-hint">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend govuk-fieldset__legend--l">
      <h1 class="govuk-fieldset__heading">
        Have you changed your name?
      </h1>
    </legend>
    <div id="changed-name-hint" class="govuk-hint">
      This includes changing your last name or spelling your name differently.
    </div>
    <div class="govuk-radios govuk-radios--inline">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="changed-name" name="changed-name" type="radio" value="yes">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="changed-name">
          Yes
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="changed-name-2" name="changed-name" type="radio" value="no">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="changed-name-2">
          No
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}

{{ govukRadios({
  classes: "govuk-radios--inline",
  idPrefix: "changed-name",
  name: "changed-name",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "Have you changed your name?",
      isPageHeading: true,
      classes: "govuk-fieldset__legend--l"
    }
  },
  hint: {
    text: "This includes changing your last name or spelling your name differently."
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "yes",
      text: "Yes"
    },
    {
      value: "no",
      text: "No"
    }
  ]
}) }}

Radio items with hints

You can add hints to radio items to provide additional information about the options.

Open this radio items with hint example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset" aria-describedby="sign-in-hint">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend govuk-fieldset__legend--l">
      <h1 class="govuk-fieldset__heading">
        How do you want to sign in?
      </h1>
    </legend>
    <div id="sign-in-hint" class="govuk-hint">
      You’ll need an account to prove your identity and complete your Self Assessment.
    </div>
    <div class="govuk-radios">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="sign-in" name="sign-in" type="radio" value="government-gateway" aria-describedby="sign-in-item-hint">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="sign-in">
          Sign in with Government Gateway
        </label>
        <div id="sign-in-item-hint" class="govuk-hint govuk-radios__hint">
          You’ll have a user ID if you’ve registered for Self Assessment or filed a tax return online before.
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="sign-in-2" name="sign-in" type="radio" value="govuk-verify" aria-describedby="sign-in-2-item-hint">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="sign-in-2">
          Sign in with GOV.UK Verify
        </label>
        <div id="sign-in-2-item-hint" class="govuk-hint govuk-radios__hint">
          You’ll have an account if you’ve already proved your identity with either Barclays, CitizenSafe, Digidentity, Experian, Post Office, Royal Mail or SecureIdentity.
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}

{{ govukRadios({
  idPrefix: "sign-in",
  name: "sign-in",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "How do you want to sign in?",
      isPageHeading: true,
      classes: "govuk-fieldset__legend--l"
    }
  },
  hint: {
    text: "You’ll need an account to prove your identity and complete your Self Assessment."
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "government-gateway",
      text: "Sign in with Government Gateway",
      hint: {
        text: "You’ll have a user ID if you’ve registered for Self Assessment or filed a tax return online before."
      }
    },
    {
      value: "govuk-verify",
      text: "Sign in with GOV.UK Verify",
      hint: {
        text: "You’ll have an account if you’ve already proved your identity with either Barclays, CitizenSafe, Digidentity, Experian, Post Office, Royal Mail or SecureIdentity."
      }
    }
  ]
}) }}

Radio items with a text divider

If one or more of your radio options is different from the others, it can help users if you separate them using a text divider. The text is usually the word ‘or’.

Open this radios with a text divider example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend govuk-fieldset__legend--l">
      <h1 class="govuk-fieldset__heading">
        Where do you live?
      </h1>
    </legend>
    <div class="govuk-radios">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="england">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live">
          England
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-2" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="scotland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-2">
          Scotland
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-3" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="wales">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-3">
          Wales
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-4" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="northern-ireland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-4">
          Northern Ireland
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__divider">or</div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-6" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="abroad">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-6">
          I am a British citizen living abroad
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}

{{ govukRadios({
  idPrefix: "where-do-you-live",
  name: "where-do-you-live",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "Where do you live?",
      isPageHeading: true,
      classes: "govuk-fieldset__legend--l"
    }
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "england",
      text: "England"
    },
    {
      value: "scotland",
      text: "Scotland"
    },
    {
      value: "wales",
      text: "Wales"
    },
    {
      value: "northern-ireland",
      text: "Northern Ireland"
    },
    {
      divider: "or"
    },
    {
      value: "abroad",
      text: "I am a British citizen living abroad"
    }
  ]
}) }}

You can ask the user a related question when they select a particular radio option, so they only see the question when it’s relevant to them.

This might make two related questions easier to answer by grouping them on the same page. For example, you could reveal a phone number input when the user selects the ‘Contact me by phone’ option.

Open this radios with conditionally revealing content example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset" aria-describedby="contact-hint">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend govuk-fieldset__legend--l">
      <h1 class="govuk-fieldset__heading">
        How would you prefer to be contacted?
      </h1>
    </legend>
    <div id="contact-hint" class="govuk-hint">
      Select one option.
    </div>
    <div class="govuk-radios govuk-radios--conditional" data-module="govuk-radios">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="contact" name="contact" type="radio" value="email" data-aria-controls="conditional-contact">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="contact">
          Email
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__conditional govuk-radios__conditional--hidden" id="conditional-contact">
        <div class="govuk-form-group">
          <label class="govuk-label" for="contact-by-email">
            Email address
          </label>
          <input class="govuk-input govuk-!-width-one-third" id="contact-by-email" name="contact-by-email" type="email" spellcheck="false" autocomplete="email"></div>

      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="contact-2" name="contact" type="radio" value="phone" data-aria-controls="conditional-contact-2">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="contact-2">
          Phone
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__conditional govuk-radios__conditional--hidden" id="conditional-contact-2">
        <div class="govuk-form-group">
          <label class="govuk-label" for="contact-by-phone">
            Phone number
          </label>
          <input class="govuk-input govuk-!-width-one-third" id="contact-by-phone" name="contact-by-phone" type="tel" autocomplete="tel"></div>

      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="contact-3" name="contact" type="radio" value="text" data-aria-controls="conditional-contact-3">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="contact-3">
          Text message
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__conditional govuk-radios__conditional--hidden" id="conditional-contact-3">
        <div class="govuk-form-group">
          <label class="govuk-label" for="contact-by-text">
            Mobile phone number
          </label>
          <input class="govuk-input govuk-!-width-one-third" id="contact-by-text" name="contact-by-text" type="tel" autocomplete="tel"></div>

      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}
{% from "govuk/components/input/macro.njk" import govukInput %}

{% set emailHtml %}
{{ govukInput({
  id: "contact-by-email",
  name: "contact-by-email",
  type: "email",
  autocomplete: "email",
  spellcheck: false,
  classes: "govuk-!-width-one-third",
  label: {
    text: "Email address"
  }
}) }}
{% endset -%}

{% set phoneHtml %}
{{ govukInput({
  id: "contact-by-phone",
  name: "contact-by-phone",
  type: "tel",
  autocomplete: "tel",
  classes: "govuk-!-width-one-third",
  label: {
    text: "Phone number"
  }
}) }}
{% endset -%}

{% set textHtml %}
{{ govukInput({
  id: "contact-by-text",
  name: "contact-by-text",
  type: "tel",
  autocomplete: "tel",
  classes: "govuk-!-width-one-third",
  label: {
    text: "Mobile phone number"
  }
}) }}
{% endset -%}

{{ govukRadios({
  idPrefix: "contact",
  name: "contact",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "How would you prefer to be contacted?",
      isPageHeading: true,
      classes: "govuk-fieldset__legend--l"
    }
  },
  hint: {
    text: "Select one option."
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "email",
      text: "Email",
      conditional: {
        html: emailHtml
      }
    },
    {
      value: "phone",
      text: "Phone",
      conditional: {
        html: phoneHtml
      }
    },
    {
      value: "text",
      text: "Text message",
      conditional: {
        html: textHtml
      }
    }
  ]
}) }}

Keep it simple. If the related question is complicated or has more than one part, show it on the next page in the process instead.

Do not conditionally reveal questions to inline radios, such as ‘yes’ and ‘no’ options placed next to each other.

Conditionally reveal questions only - do not show or hide anything that is not a question.

Known issues

Users are not always notified when a conditionally revealed question is shown or hidden. This fails WCAG 2.1 success criterion 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value.

However, we found that screen reader users did not have difficulty answering a conditionally revealed question - as long it’s kept simple. Users we tested with did get confused when complicated questions were conditionally revealed to them, particularly questions with more than one part.

We’ll keep looking for opportunities to learn more about how conditionally revealed questions be used in services.

Smaller radios

Use standard-sized radios in nearly all cases. However, smaller versions work well on pages where it’s helpful to make them less visually prominent.

For example, on a page of search results, the primary user need is to see the results. Using smaller radios lets users see and change search filters without distracting them from the main content.

Open this small radios example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend govuk-fieldset__legend--m">
      <h1 class="govuk-fieldset__heading">
        Filter
      </h1>
    </legend>
    <div class="govuk-radios govuk-radios--small">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="changed-name" name="changed-name" type="radio" value="month">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="changed-name">
          Monthly
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="changed-name-2" name="changed-name" type="radio" value="year">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="changed-name-2">
          Yearly
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}

{{ govukRadios({
  classes: "govuk-radios--small",
  idPrefix: "changed-name",
  name: "changed-name",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "Filter",
      isPageHeading: true,
      classes: "govuk-fieldset__legend--m"
    }
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "month",
      text: "Monthly"
    },
    {
      value: "year",
      text: "Yearly"
    }
  ]
}) }}

Small radios can work well on information dense screens in services designed for repeat use, like caseworking systems.

In services like these, the risk that they will not be noticed is lower because users return to the screen multiple times.

Error messages

Display an error message if none of the radios are selected.

Error messages should be styled like this:

Open this inline radios with error example in a new tab
HTML
<div class="govuk-form-group govuk-form-group--error">
  <fieldset class="govuk-fieldset" aria-describedby="where-do-you-live-error">
    <legend class="govuk-fieldset__legend govuk-fieldset__legend--l">
      <h1 class="govuk-fieldset__heading">
        Where do you live?
      </h1>
    </legend>
    <span id="where-do-you-live-error" class="govuk-error-message">
      <span class="govuk-visually-hidden">Error:</span> Select the country where you live
    </span>
    <div class="govuk-radios">
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="england">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live">
          England
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-2" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="scotland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-2">
          Scotland
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-3" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="wales">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-3">
          Wales
        </label>
      </div>
      <div class="govuk-radios__item">
        <input class="govuk-radios__input" id="where-do-you-live-4" name="where-do-you-live" type="radio" value="northern-ireland">
        <label class="govuk-label govuk-radios__label" for="where-do-you-live-4">
          Northern Ireland
        </label>
      </div>
    </div>

  </fieldset>
</div>
Nunjucks
Nunjucks macro options

Use options to customise the appearance, content and behaviour of a component when using a macro, for example, changing the text.

Some options are required for the macro to work; these are marked as "Required" in the option description.

If you're using Nunjucks macros in production with "html" options, or ones ending with "html", you must sanitise the HTML to protect against cross-site scripting exploits.

Primary options
Name Type Description
fieldset object Options for the fieldset component (for example legend). See fieldset.
hint object Options for the hint component (for example text). See hint.
errorMessage object Options for the error message component. The error message component will not display if you use a falsy value for errorMessage, for example false or null. See errorMessage.
formGroup object Options for the form-group wrapper. See formGroup.
idPrefix string String to prefix ID for each radio item if no ID is specified on each item. If idPrefix is not passed, fallback to using the name attribute instead.
name string Required. Name attribute for each radio item.
items array Required. Array of radio items objects. See items.
classes string Classes to add to the radio container.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for formGroup
Name Type Description
classes string Classes to add to the form group (for example to show error state for the whole group).
Options for items
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within each radio item label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Specific ID attribute for the radio item. If omitted, then idPrefix string will be applied.
value string Required. Value for the radio input.
label object Provide attributes and classes to each radio item label. See label.
hint object Provide hint to each radio item. See hint.
divider string Divider text to separate radio items, for example the text 'or'.
checked boolean If true, radio will be checked.
conditional string If true, content provided will be revealed when the item is checked.
conditional.html html Provide content for the conditional reveal.
disabled boolean If true, radio will be disabled.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the radio input tag.
Options for hint
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the hint. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
id string Optional ID attribute to add to the hint span tag.
classes string Classes to add to the hint span tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the hint span tag.
Options for label
Name Type Description
text string Required. If html is set, this is not required. Text to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
html string Required. If text is set, this is not required. HTML to use within the label. If html is provided, the text argument will be ignored.
for string The value of the for attribute, the ID of the input the label is associated with.
isPageHeading boolean Whether the label also acts as the heading for the page.
classes string Classes to add to the label tag.
attributes object HTML attributes (for example data attributes) to add to the label tag. 
{% from "govuk/components/radios/macro.njk" import govukRadios %}

{{ govukRadios({
  idPrefix: "where-do-you-live",
  name: "where-do-you-live",
  fieldset: {
    legend: {
      text: "Where do you live?",
      isPageHeading: true,
      classes: "govuk-fieldset__legend--l"
    }
  },
  items: [
    {
      value: "england",
      text: "England"
    },
    {
      value: "scotland",
      text: "Scotland"
    },
    {
      value: "wales",
      text: "Wales"
    },
    {
      value: "northern-ireland",
      text: "Northern Ireland"
    }
  ],
  errorMessage: {
    text: "Select the country where you live"
  }
}) }}

Make sure errors follow the guidance in error message and have specific error messages for specific error states.

If it’s a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ question

Say ‘Select yes if [whatever it is is true]’. For example, ‘Select yes if Sarah normally lives with you’.

If there are two options which are not ‘yes’ and ‘no’

Say ‘Select if [whatever it is]’. For example, ‘Select if you are employed or self-employed’.

If there are more than two options

Say ‘Select [whatever it is]’. For example, ‘Select the day of the week you pay your rent’.

Research on this component

If you’ve done any user research involving conditionally revealed questions, particularly with users of assistive technologies, tell us what you’ve learned by adding a comment to the discussion about this component.

Read a blog post about an update to the radios and checkboxes components in 2016.

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Need help?

If you’ve got a question about the GOV.UK Design System, contact the team.